The advantage of these elements is that they are much more abundant in nature than other commonly used catalytic materials containing precious metals such as iridium or ruthenium.

Argonne National Laboratory and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy examined the structure and found that the catalyst has a well-defined surface structure that allows them to clearly see how the catalyst evolves in the meantime of the oxygen evolution reaction and allows them to accurately evaluate its performance.

Nature Catalysis – Oxygen evolution reaction over catalytic single-site Co in a well-defined brookite TiO2 nanorod surface